This study examines the evolution of Russian-Spanish relations from the early 20th century to the present. It analyzes the impact of geographical distance, political regimes, and international crises on the dynamics of bilateral interaction. Particular attention is given to the late Franco era, the restoration of diplomatic relations in 1977, and the period of intensification between 2001 and 2014, during which trade turnover, tourist flows, and the participation of Russian citizens in the Spanish real estate market increased. It is shown that after 2014, bilateral relations experienced a significant decline due to the Ukrainian crisis, economic sanctions, and falling oil prices. Nevertheless, cooperation in certain areas, including the military and tourism sectors, continued. At the same time, the study emphasizes Russia’s stabilizing role in international politics, as the country – despite external challenges – strives to maintain dialogue and preserve a balance of interests in its relations with European states, including Spain. The study concludes that the specificity of Russian–Spanish relations lies in the predominance of economic interests and pragmatic cooperation over political disagreements, indicating potential for recovery and further development.
Russian-Spanish relations; tourism; real estate market; sanctions and crises; military cooperation; Russia; Spain.